How to upgrade kernel for CentOS 7

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步骤 1：检查已安装的内核版本

让我们安装了一个发行版，它包含了一个特定版本的内核。为了展示当前系统中已安装的版本，我们可以：

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# uname -sr
Linux 3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.x86_64

步骤 2：在 CentOS 7 中升级内核

大多数现代发行版提供了一种使用 yum 等包管理系统和官方支持的仓库升级内核的方法。

但是，这只会升级内核到仓库中可用的最新版本 - 而不是在 https://www.kernel.org/ 中可用的最新版本。不幸的是，Red Hat 只允许使用前者升级内核。

与 Red Hat 不同，CentOS 允许使用 ELRepo，这是一个第三方仓库，可以将内核升级到最新版本。

要在 CentOS 7 上启用 ELRepo 仓库，请运行：

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[root@localhost ~]# rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-2.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm

另一篇上说用这个：

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[root@localhost ~]# rpm -Uvh http://elrepo.org/linux/kernel/el7/x86_64/RPMS/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm

需要确认，但是我用上面一个是OK的。

仓库启用后，你可以使用下面的命令列出可用的内核相关包：

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[root@localhost ~]# yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="elrepo-kernel" list available
已加载插件：fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * elrepo-kernel: hkg.mirror.rackspace.com
可安装的软件包
kernel-lt.x86_64                           4.4.174-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-devel.x86_64                     4.4.174-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-doc.noarch                       4.4.174-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-headers.x86_64                   4.4.174-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-tools.x86_64                     4.4.174-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-tools-libs.x86_64                4.4.174-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-lt-tools-libs-devel.x86_64          4.4.174-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml.x86_64                           4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-devel.x86_64                     4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-doc.noarch                       4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-headers.x86_64                   4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-tools.x86_64                     4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-tools-libs.x86_64                4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
kernel-ml-tools-libs-devel.x86_64          4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
perf.x86_64                                4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
python-perf.x86_64                         4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel
  • lt : long term support
  • ml : mainline stable

主线稳定版本：

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kernel-ml.x86_64                           4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo         elrepo-kernel

接下来，安装最新的主线稳定内核：

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[root@localhost ~]# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml

最后，重启机器并应用最新内核，接着运行下面的命令检查最新内核版本：

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[root@localhost ~]# uname -sr
Linux 4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64

步骤 3：设置 GRUB 默认的内核版本

为了让新安装的内核成为默认启动选项，你需要如下修改 GRUB 配置：

打开并编辑 /etc/default/grub 并设置 GRUB_DEFAULT=0。

意思是 GRUB 初始化页面的第一个内核将作为默认内核。

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GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet nouveau.modeset=0"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

接下来运行下面的命令来重新创建内核配置。

  1. 普通MBR引导模式
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[root@localhost ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
  1. UEFI引导模式
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[root@localhost ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/centos/grub.cfg

重启并验证最新的内核已作为默认内核。

步骤4：交换新旧版本kernel-headers

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[root@localhost ~]# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel -y swap kernel-headers -- kernel-ml-headers
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * elrepo: elrepo.org
 * elrepo-kernel: elrepo.org
 * epel: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * epel-debuginfo: ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp
 * epel-source: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * extras: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * updates: www.ftp.ne.jp
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel-headers.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 will be erased
---> Package kernel-ml-headers.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package              Arch      Version                  Repository        Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 kernel-ml-headers    x86_64    4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo      elrepo-kernel    1.2 M
Removing:
 kernel-headers       x86_64    3.10.0-693.17.1.el7      @updates         3.5 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package
Remove   1 Package

Total download size: 1.2 M
Downloading packages:
kernel-ml-headers-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm           | 1.2 MB   00:02     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : kernel-ml-headers-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                 1/2 
  Erasing    : kernel-headers-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                    2/2 
  Verifying  : kernel-ml-headers-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                 1/2 
  Verifying  : kernel-headers-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                    2/2 

Removed:
  kernel-headers.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7                                   

Installed:
  kernel-ml-headers.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo                                

Complete!

步骤5：交换新旧版本kernel-tools-libs

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[root@localhost ~]# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel -y swap kernel-tools-libs -- kernel-ml-tools-libs

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * elrepo: elrepo.org
 * elrepo-kernel: elrepo.org
 * epel: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * epel-debuginfo: ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp
 * epel-source: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * extras: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * updates: www.ftp.ne.jp
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel-ml-tools-libs.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo will be installed
---> Package kernel-tools-libs.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 will be erased
--> Processing Dependency: kernel-tools-libs = 3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 for package: kernel-tools-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel-tools.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package                Arch     Version                  Repository       Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 kernel-ml-tools-libs   x86_64   4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo      elrepo-kernel    58 k
Removing:
 kernel-tools-libs      x86_64   3.10.0-693.17.1.el7      @updates         18 k
Removing for dependencies:
 kernel-tools           x86_64   3.10.0-693.17.1.el7      @updates        259 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package
Remove   1 Package (+1 Dependent package)

Total download size: 58 k
Downloading packages:
kernel-ml-tools-libs-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm        |  58 kB   00:00     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : kernel-ml-tools-libs-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64              1/3 
  Erasing    : kernel-tools-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                      2/3 
  Erasing    : kernel-tools-libs-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                 3/3 
  Verifying  : kernel-ml-tools-libs-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64              1/3 
  Verifying  : kernel-tools-libs-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                 2/3 
  Verifying  : kernel-tools-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                      3/3 

Removed:
  kernel-tools-libs.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7                                

Dependency Removed:
  kernel-tools.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7                                     

Installed:
  kernel-ml-tools-libs.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo                             

Complete!

步骤6：安装新版本kernel-ml-tools

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[root@localhost ~]# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel -y install kernel-ml-tools
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * elrepo: elrepo.org
 * elrepo-kernel: elrepo.org
 * epel: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * epel-debuginfo: ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp
 * epel-source: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * extras: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * updates: www.ftp.ne.jp
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel-ml-tools.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package             Arch       Version                 Repository         Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 kernel-ml-tools     x86_64     4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo     elrepo-kernel     152 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 152 k
Installed size: 350 k
Downloading packages:
kernel-ml-tools-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm             | 152 kB   00:01     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : kernel-ml-tools-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                   1/1 
  Verifying  : kernel-ml-tools-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                   1/1 

Installed:
  kernel-ml-tools.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo                                  

Complete!

步骤7：交换老旧版本kernel-devel

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[root@localhost ~]# yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel -y swap kernel-devel -- kernel-ml-devel
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * elrepo: elrepo.org
 * elrepo-kernel: elrepo.org
 * epel: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * epel-debuginfo: ftp.tsukuba.wide.ad.jp
 * epel-source: ftp.jaist.ac.jp
 * extras: www.ftp.ne.jp
 * updates: www.ftp.ne.jp
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel-devel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 will be erased
---> Package kernel-ml-devel.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package             Arch       Version                 Repository         Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 kernel-ml-devel     x86_64     4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo     elrepo-kernel      12 M
Removing:
 kernel-devel        x86_64     3.10.0-693.17.1.el7     @updates           36 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package
Remove   1 Package

Total download size: 12 M
Downloading packages:
kernel-ml-devel-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64.rpm             |  12 MB   00:02     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : kernel-ml-devel-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                   1/2 
  Erasing    : kernel-devel-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                      2/2 
  Verifying  : kernel-ml-devel-4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64                   1/2 
  Verifying  : kernel-devel-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                      2/2 

Removed:
  kernel-devel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7                                     

Installed:
  kernel-ml-devel.x86_64 0:4.20.10-1.el7.elrepo                                  

Complete!

步骤8：删除老版本kernel

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[root@localhost ~]# yum -y remove kernel

Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package       Arch          Version                      Repository       Size
================================================================================
Removing:
 kernel        x86_64        3.10.0-693.17.1.el7          @updates         59 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Remove  1 Package

Installed size: 59 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Erasing    : kernel-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                            1/1 
  Verifying  : kernel-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64                            1/1 

Removed:
  kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.17.1.el7                                           

Complete!

至此，内核和相关的文件基本上都升级完成。

参考

  1. 如何在 CentOS 7 中安装或升级最新的内核
  2. How to install kernel 4.x on CentOS 7.x